Kamis, 06 November 2008
Rabu, 05 November 2008
Search engine optimization
Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the volume and quality of traffic to a web site from search engines via "natural" ("organic" or "algorithmic") search results. Usually, the earlier a site is presented in the search results, or the higher it "ranks," the more searchers will visit that site. SEO can also target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, and industry-specific vertical search engines.
As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work and what people search for. Optimizing a website primarily involves editing its content and HTML coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Sometimes a site's structure (the relationships between its content) must be altered too. Because of this it is, from a client's perspective, always better to incorporate Search Engine Optimization when a website is being developed than to try and retroactively apply it.
The acronym "SEO" can also refer to "search engine optimizers," a term adopted by an industry of consultants who carry out optimization projects on behalf of clients, and by employees who perform SEO services in-house. Search engine optimizers may offer SEO as a stand-alone service or as a part of a broader marketing campaign. Because effective SEO may require changes to the HTML source code of a site, SEO tactics may be incorporated into web site development and design. The term "search engine friendly" may be used to describe web site designs, menus, content management systems and shopping carts that are easy to optimize.
Another class of techniques, known as black hat SEO or Spamdexing, use methods such as link farms and keyword stuffing that degrade both the relevance of search results and the user-experience of search engines. Search engines look for sites that employ these techniques in order to remove them from their indices.
History
Webmasters and content providers began optimizing sites for search engines in the mid-1990s, as the first search engines were cataloging the early Web. Initially, all a webmaster needed to do was submit a page, or URL, to the various engines which would send a spider to "crawl" that page, extract links to other pages from it, and return information found on the page to be indexed.[1] The process involves a search engine spider downloading a page and storing it on the search engine's own server, where a second program, known as an indexer, extracts various information about the page, such as the words it contains and where these are located, as well as any weight for specific words, as well as any and all links the page contains, which are then placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date.
Site owners started to recognize the value of having their sites highly ranked and visible in search engine results, creating an opportunity for both white hat and black hat SEO practitioners. According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the earliest known use of the phrase search engine optimization was a spam message posted on Usenet on July 26, 1997.[2]
Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag, or index files in engines like ALIWEB. Meta tags provided a guide to each page's content. But using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable because the webmaster's account of keywords in the meta tag were not truly relevant to the site's actual keywords. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags caused pages to rank for irrelevant searches.[3] Web content providers also manipulated a number of attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines.[4]
By relying so much on factors exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search allowing those results to be false would turn users to find other search sources. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were more difficult for webmasters to manipulate.
While graduate students at Stanford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin developed "backrub", a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, PageRank, is a function of the quantity and strength of inbound links.[5] PageRank estimates the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly surfs the web, and follows links from one page to another. In effect, this means that some links are stronger than others, as a higher PageRank page is more likely to be reached by the random surfer.
Google headquarters
Page and Brin founded Google in 1998. Google attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.[6] Off-page factors (such as PageRank and hyperlink analysis) were considered as well as on-page factors (such as keyword frequency, meta tags, headings, links and site structure) to enable Google to avoid the kind of manipulation seen in search engines that only considered on-page factors for their rankings. Although PageRank was more difficult to game, webmasters had already developed link building tools and schemes to influence the Inktomi search engine, and these methods proved similarly applicable to gaining PageRank. Many sites focused on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. Some of these schemes, or link farms, involved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of link spamming.[7] In recent years major search engines have begun to rely more heavily on off-web factors such as the age, sex, location, and search history of people conducting searches in order to further refine results.
By 2007, search engines had incorporated a wide range of undisclosed factors in their ranking algorithms to reduce the impact of link manipulation. Google says it ranks sites using more than 200 different signals.[8] The three leading search engines, Google, Yahoo and Microsoft's Live Search, do not disclose the algorithms they use to rank pages. Notable SEOs, such as Rand Fishkin, Barry Schwartz, Aaron Wall and Jill Whalen, have studied different approaches to search engine optimization, and have published their opinions in online forums and blogs.[9][10] SEO practitioners may also study patents held by various search engines to gain insight into the algorithms.[11]
Webmasters and search engines
By 1997 search engines recognized that webmasters were making efforts to rank well in their search engines, and that some webmasters were even manipulating their rankings in search results by stuffing pages with excessive or irrelevant keywords. Early search engines, such as Infoseek, adjusted their algorithms in an effort to prevent webmasters from manipulating rankings.[12]
Due to the high marketing value of targeted search results, there is potential for an adversarial relationship between search engines and SEOs. In 2005, an annual conference, AIRWeb, Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web,[13] was created to discuss and minimize the damaging effects of aggressive web content providers.
SEO companies that employ overly aggressive techniques can get their client websites banned from the search results. In 2005, the Wall Street Journal reported on a company, Traffic Power, which allegedly used high-risk techniques and failed to disclose those risks to its clients.[14] Wired magazine reported that the same company sued blogger Aaron Wall for writing about the ban.[15] Google's Matt Cutts later confirmed that Google did in fact ban Traffic Power and some of its clients.[16]
Some search engines have also reached out to the SEO industry, and are frequent sponsors and guests at SEO conferences, chats, and seminars. In fact, with the advent of paid inclusion, some search engines now have a vested interest in the health of the optimization community. Major search engines provide information and guidelines to help with site optimization.[17][18][19] Google has a Sitemaps program[20] to help webmasters learn if Google is having any problems indexing their website and also provides data on Google traffic to the website. Google guidelines are a list of suggested practices Google has provided as guidance to webmasters. Yahoo! Site Explorer provides a way for webmasters to submit URLs, determine how many pages are in the Yahoo! index and view link information.[21]
Getting indexed
The leading search engines, Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft, use crawlers to find pages for their algorithmic search results. Pages that are linked from other search engine indexed pages do not need to be submitted because they are found automatically. Some search engines, notably Yahoo!, operate a paid submission service that guarantee crawling for either a set fee or cost per click.[22] Such programs usually guarantee inclusion in the database, but do not guarantee specific ranking within the search results.[23] Yahoo's paid inclusion program has drawn criticism from advertisers and competitors.[24] Two major directories, the Yahoo Directory and the Open Directory Project both require manual submission and human editorial review.[25] Google offers Google Webmaster Tools, for which an XML Sitemap feed can be created and submitted for free to ensure that all pages are found, especially pages that aren't discoverable by automatically following links.[26]
Search engine crawlers may look at a number of different factors when crawling a site. Not every page is indexed by the search engines. Distance of pages from the root directory of a site may also be a factor in whether or not pages get crawled.[27]
Preventing indexing
To avoid undesirable content in the search indexes, webmasters can instruct spiders not to crawl certain files or directories through the standard robots.txt file in the root directory of the domain. Additionally, a page can be explicitly excluded from a search engine's database by using a meta tag specific to robots. When a search engine visits a site, the robots.txt located in the root directory is the first file crawled. The robots.txt file is then parsed, and will instruct the robot as to which pages are not to be crawled. As a search engine crawler may keep a cached copy of this file, it may on occasion crawl pages a webmaster does not wish crawled. Pages typically prevented from being crawled include login specific pages such as shopping carts and user-specific content such as search results from internal searches. In March 2007, Google warned webmasters that they should prevent indexing of internal search results because those pages are considered search spam.[28]
White hat versus black hat
SEO techniques can be classified into two broad categories: techniques that search engines recommend as part of good design, and those techniques of which search engines do not approve. The search engines attempt to minimize the effect of the latter, among them spamdexing. Industry commentators have classified these methods, and the practitioners who employ them, as either white hat SEO, or black hat SEO.[29] White hats tend to produce results that last a long time, whereas black hats anticipate that their sites may eventually be banned either temporarily or permanently once the search engines discover what they are doing.[30]
An SEO technique is considered white hat if it conforms to the search engines' guidelines and involves no deception. As the search engine guidelines[31][17][18][19] are not written as a series of rules or commandments, this is an important distinction to note. White hat SEO is not just about following guidelines, but is about ensuring that the content a search engine indexes and subsequently ranks is the same content a user will see. White hat advice is generally summed up as creating content for users, not for search engines, and then making that content easily accessible to the spiders, rather than attempting to trick the algorithm from its intended purpose. White hat SEO is in many ways similar to web development that promotes accessibility,[32] although the two are not identical.
Black hat SEO attempts to improve rankings in ways that are disapproved of by the search engines, or involve deception. One black hat technique uses text that is hidden, either as text colored similar to the background, in an invisible div, or positioned off screen. Another method gives a different page depending on whether the page is being requested by a human visitor or a search engine, a technique known as cloaking.
Search engines may penalize sites they discover using black hat methods, either by reducing their rankings or eliminating their listings from their databases altogether. Such penalties can be applied either automatically by the search engines' algorithms, or by a manual site review. One infamous example was the February 2006 Google removal of both BMW Germany and Ricoh Germany for use of deceptive practices.[33] Both companies, however, quickly apologized, fixed the offending pages, and were restored to Google's list.[34]
As a marketing strategy
Eye tracking studies have shown that searchers scan a search results page from top to bottom and left to right (for left to right languages), looking for a relevant result. Placement at or near the top of the rankings therefore increases the number of searchers who will visit a site.[35] However, more search engine referrals does not guarantee more sales. SEO is not necessarily an appropriate strategy for every website, and other Internet marketing strategies can be much more effective, depending on the site operator's goals.[36] A successful Internet marketing campaign may drive organic traffic to web pages, but it also may involve the use of paid advertising on search engines and other pages, building high quality web pages to engage and persuade, addressing technical issues that may keep search engines from crawling and indexing those sites, setting up analytics programs to enable site owners to measure their successes, and improving a site's conversion rate.[37]
SEO may generate a return on investment. However, search engines are not paid for organic search traffic, their algorithms change, and there are no guarantees of continued referrals. Due to this lack of guarantees and certainty, a business that relies heavily on search engine traffic can suffer major losses if the search engines stop sending visitors.[38] It is considered wise business practice for website operators to liberate themselves from dependence on search engine traffic.[39] A top-ranked SEO blog Seomoz.org[40] has reported, "Search marketers, in a twist of irony, receive a very small share of their traffic from search engines." Instead, their main sources of traffic are links from other websites.[41]
International markets
The search engines' market shares vary from market to market, as does competition. In 2003, Danny Sullivan stated that Google represented about 75% of all searches.[42] In markets outside the United States, Google's share is often larger, and Google remains the dominant search engine worldwide as of 2007.[43] As of 2006, Google held about 40% of the market in the United States, but Google had an 85-90% market share in Germany.[44] While there were hundreds of SEO firms in the US at that time, there were only about five in Germany.[44]
In Russia the situation is reversed. Local search engine Yandex controls 50% of the paid advertising revenue, while Google has less than 9%.[45] In China, Baidu continues to lead in market share, although Google has been gaining share as of 2007.[46]
Successful search optimization for international markets may require professional translation of web pages, registration of a domain name with a top level domain in the target market, and web hosting that provides a local IP address. Otherwise, the fundamental elements of search optimization are essentially the same, regardless of language.[44]
Legal precedents
On October 17, 2002, SearchKing filed suit in the United States District Court, Western District of Oklahoma, against the search engine Google. SearchKing's claim was that Google's tactics to prevent spamdexing constituted a tortious interference with contractual relations. On May 27, 2003, the court granted Google's motion to dismiss the complaint because SearchKing "failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted."[47][48]
In March 2006, KinderStart filed a lawsuit against Google over search engine rankings. Kinderstart's web site was removed from Google's index prior to the lawsuit and the amount of traffic to the site dropped by 70%. On March 16, 2007 the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (San Jose Division) dismissed KinderStart's complaint without leave to amend, and partially granted Google's motion for Rule 11 sanctions against KinderStart's attorney, requiring him to pay part of Google's legal expenses. [49][50]
As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work and what people search for. Optimizing a website primarily involves editing its content and HTML coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Sometimes a site's structure (the relationships between its content) must be altered too. Because of this it is, from a client's perspective, always better to incorporate Search Engine Optimization when a website is being developed than to try and retroactively apply it.
The acronym "SEO" can also refer to "search engine optimizers," a term adopted by an industry of consultants who carry out optimization projects on behalf of clients, and by employees who perform SEO services in-house. Search engine optimizers may offer SEO as a stand-alone service or as a part of a broader marketing campaign. Because effective SEO may require changes to the HTML source code of a site, SEO tactics may be incorporated into web site development and design. The term "search engine friendly" may be used to describe web site designs, menus, content management systems and shopping carts that are easy to optimize.
Another class of techniques, known as black hat SEO or Spamdexing, use methods such as link farms and keyword stuffing that degrade both the relevance of search results and the user-experience of search engines. Search engines look for sites that employ these techniques in order to remove them from their indices.
History
Webmasters and content providers began optimizing sites for search engines in the mid-1990s, as the first search engines were cataloging the early Web. Initially, all a webmaster needed to do was submit a page, or URL, to the various engines which would send a spider to "crawl" that page, extract links to other pages from it, and return information found on the page to be indexed.[1] The process involves a search engine spider downloading a page and storing it on the search engine's own server, where a second program, known as an indexer, extracts various information about the page, such as the words it contains and where these are located, as well as any weight for specific words, as well as any and all links the page contains, which are then placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date.
Site owners started to recognize the value of having their sites highly ranked and visible in search engine results, creating an opportunity for both white hat and black hat SEO practitioners. According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the earliest known use of the phrase search engine optimization was a spam message posted on Usenet on July 26, 1997.[2]
Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag, or index files in engines like ALIWEB. Meta tags provided a guide to each page's content. But using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable because the webmaster's account of keywords in the meta tag were not truly relevant to the site's actual keywords. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags caused pages to rank for irrelevant searches.[3] Web content providers also manipulated a number of attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines.[4]
By relying so much on factors exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search allowing those results to be false would turn users to find other search sources. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were more difficult for webmasters to manipulate.
While graduate students at Stanford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin developed "backrub", a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, PageRank, is a function of the quantity and strength of inbound links.[5] PageRank estimates the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly surfs the web, and follows links from one page to another. In effect, this means that some links are stronger than others, as a higher PageRank page is more likely to be reached by the random surfer.
Google headquarters
Page and Brin founded Google in 1998. Google attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.[6] Off-page factors (such as PageRank and hyperlink analysis) were considered as well as on-page factors (such as keyword frequency, meta tags, headings, links and site structure) to enable Google to avoid the kind of manipulation seen in search engines that only considered on-page factors for their rankings. Although PageRank was more difficult to game, webmasters had already developed link building tools and schemes to influence the Inktomi search engine, and these methods proved similarly applicable to gaining PageRank. Many sites focused on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. Some of these schemes, or link farms, involved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of link spamming.[7] In recent years major search engines have begun to rely more heavily on off-web factors such as the age, sex, location, and search history of people conducting searches in order to further refine results.
By 2007, search engines had incorporated a wide range of undisclosed factors in their ranking algorithms to reduce the impact of link manipulation. Google says it ranks sites using more than 200 different signals.[8] The three leading search engines, Google, Yahoo and Microsoft's Live Search, do not disclose the algorithms they use to rank pages. Notable SEOs, such as Rand Fishkin, Barry Schwartz, Aaron Wall and Jill Whalen, have studied different approaches to search engine optimization, and have published their opinions in online forums and blogs.[9][10] SEO practitioners may also study patents held by various search engines to gain insight into the algorithms.[11]
Webmasters and search engines
By 1997 search engines recognized that webmasters were making efforts to rank well in their search engines, and that some webmasters were even manipulating their rankings in search results by stuffing pages with excessive or irrelevant keywords. Early search engines, such as Infoseek, adjusted their algorithms in an effort to prevent webmasters from manipulating rankings.[12]
Due to the high marketing value of targeted search results, there is potential for an adversarial relationship between search engines and SEOs. In 2005, an annual conference, AIRWeb, Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web,[13] was created to discuss and minimize the damaging effects of aggressive web content providers.
SEO companies that employ overly aggressive techniques can get their client websites banned from the search results. In 2005, the Wall Street Journal reported on a company, Traffic Power, which allegedly used high-risk techniques and failed to disclose those risks to its clients.[14] Wired magazine reported that the same company sued blogger Aaron Wall for writing about the ban.[15] Google's Matt Cutts later confirmed that Google did in fact ban Traffic Power and some of its clients.[16]
Some search engines have also reached out to the SEO industry, and are frequent sponsors and guests at SEO conferences, chats, and seminars. In fact, with the advent of paid inclusion, some search engines now have a vested interest in the health of the optimization community. Major search engines provide information and guidelines to help with site optimization.[17][18][19] Google has a Sitemaps program[20] to help webmasters learn if Google is having any problems indexing their website and also provides data on Google traffic to the website. Google guidelines are a list of suggested practices Google has provided as guidance to webmasters. Yahoo! Site Explorer provides a way for webmasters to submit URLs, determine how many pages are in the Yahoo! index and view link information.[21]
Getting indexed
The leading search engines, Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft, use crawlers to find pages for their algorithmic search results. Pages that are linked from other search engine indexed pages do not need to be submitted because they are found automatically. Some search engines, notably Yahoo!, operate a paid submission service that guarantee crawling for either a set fee or cost per click.[22] Such programs usually guarantee inclusion in the database, but do not guarantee specific ranking within the search results.[23] Yahoo's paid inclusion program has drawn criticism from advertisers and competitors.[24] Two major directories, the Yahoo Directory and the Open Directory Project both require manual submission and human editorial review.[25] Google offers Google Webmaster Tools, for which an XML Sitemap feed can be created and submitted for free to ensure that all pages are found, especially pages that aren't discoverable by automatically following links.[26]
Search engine crawlers may look at a number of different factors when crawling a site. Not every page is indexed by the search engines. Distance of pages from the root directory of a site may also be a factor in whether or not pages get crawled.[27]
Preventing indexing
To avoid undesirable content in the search indexes, webmasters can instruct spiders not to crawl certain files or directories through the standard robots.txt file in the root directory of the domain. Additionally, a page can be explicitly excluded from a search engine's database by using a meta tag specific to robots. When a search engine visits a site, the robots.txt located in the root directory is the first file crawled. The robots.txt file is then parsed, and will instruct the robot as to which pages are not to be crawled. As a search engine crawler may keep a cached copy of this file, it may on occasion crawl pages a webmaster does not wish crawled. Pages typically prevented from being crawled include login specific pages such as shopping carts and user-specific content such as search results from internal searches. In March 2007, Google warned webmasters that they should prevent indexing of internal search results because those pages are considered search spam.[28]
White hat versus black hat
SEO techniques can be classified into two broad categories: techniques that search engines recommend as part of good design, and those techniques of which search engines do not approve. The search engines attempt to minimize the effect of the latter, among them spamdexing. Industry commentators have classified these methods, and the practitioners who employ them, as either white hat SEO, or black hat SEO.[29] White hats tend to produce results that last a long time, whereas black hats anticipate that their sites may eventually be banned either temporarily or permanently once the search engines discover what they are doing.[30]
An SEO technique is considered white hat if it conforms to the search engines' guidelines and involves no deception. As the search engine guidelines[31][17][18][19] are not written as a series of rules or commandments, this is an important distinction to note. White hat SEO is not just about following guidelines, but is about ensuring that the content a search engine indexes and subsequently ranks is the same content a user will see. White hat advice is generally summed up as creating content for users, not for search engines, and then making that content easily accessible to the spiders, rather than attempting to trick the algorithm from its intended purpose. White hat SEO is in many ways similar to web development that promotes accessibility,[32] although the two are not identical.
Black hat SEO attempts to improve rankings in ways that are disapproved of by the search engines, or involve deception. One black hat technique uses text that is hidden, either as text colored similar to the background, in an invisible div, or positioned off screen. Another method gives a different page depending on whether the page is being requested by a human visitor or a search engine, a technique known as cloaking.
Search engines may penalize sites they discover using black hat methods, either by reducing their rankings or eliminating their listings from their databases altogether. Such penalties can be applied either automatically by the search engines' algorithms, or by a manual site review. One infamous example was the February 2006 Google removal of both BMW Germany and Ricoh Germany for use of deceptive practices.[33] Both companies, however, quickly apologized, fixed the offending pages, and were restored to Google's list.[34]
As a marketing strategy
Eye tracking studies have shown that searchers scan a search results page from top to bottom and left to right (for left to right languages), looking for a relevant result. Placement at or near the top of the rankings therefore increases the number of searchers who will visit a site.[35] However, more search engine referrals does not guarantee more sales. SEO is not necessarily an appropriate strategy for every website, and other Internet marketing strategies can be much more effective, depending on the site operator's goals.[36] A successful Internet marketing campaign may drive organic traffic to web pages, but it also may involve the use of paid advertising on search engines and other pages, building high quality web pages to engage and persuade, addressing technical issues that may keep search engines from crawling and indexing those sites, setting up analytics programs to enable site owners to measure their successes, and improving a site's conversion rate.[37]
SEO may generate a return on investment. However, search engines are not paid for organic search traffic, their algorithms change, and there are no guarantees of continued referrals. Due to this lack of guarantees and certainty, a business that relies heavily on search engine traffic can suffer major losses if the search engines stop sending visitors.[38] It is considered wise business practice for website operators to liberate themselves from dependence on search engine traffic.[39] A top-ranked SEO blog Seomoz.org[40] has reported, "Search marketers, in a twist of irony, receive a very small share of their traffic from search engines." Instead, their main sources of traffic are links from other websites.[41]
International markets
The search engines' market shares vary from market to market, as does competition. In 2003, Danny Sullivan stated that Google represented about 75% of all searches.[42] In markets outside the United States, Google's share is often larger, and Google remains the dominant search engine worldwide as of 2007.[43] As of 2006, Google held about 40% of the market in the United States, but Google had an 85-90% market share in Germany.[44] While there were hundreds of SEO firms in the US at that time, there were only about five in Germany.[44]
In Russia the situation is reversed. Local search engine Yandex controls 50% of the paid advertising revenue, while Google has less than 9%.[45] In China, Baidu continues to lead in market share, although Google has been gaining share as of 2007.[46]
Successful search optimization for international markets may require professional translation of web pages, registration of a domain name with a top level domain in the target market, and web hosting that provides a local IP address. Otherwise, the fundamental elements of search optimization are essentially the same, regardless of language.[44]
Legal precedents
On October 17, 2002, SearchKing filed suit in the United States District Court, Western District of Oklahoma, against the search engine Google. SearchKing's claim was that Google's tactics to prevent spamdexing constituted a tortious interference with contractual relations. On May 27, 2003, the court granted Google's motion to dismiss the complaint because SearchKing "failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted."[47][48]
In March 2006, KinderStart filed a lawsuit against Google over search engine rankings. Kinderstart's web site was removed from Google's index prior to the lawsuit and the amount of traffic to the site dropped by 70%. On March 16, 2007 the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (San Jose Division) dismissed KinderStart's complaint without leave to amend, and partially granted Google's motion for Rule 11 sanctions against KinderStart's attorney, requiring him to pay part of Google's legal expenses. [49][50]
Panduan Cara Meningkatkan Posisi Website Pada Mesin Pencari
Apa itu Search Engine?
Search engine adalah salah satu fasilitas vital dari internet untuk menjelajahi lautan informasi
yang begitu luas. Bayangkan saja, hanya dalam waktu beberapa detik ia dapat menyuguhkan
ribuan bahkan jutaan alamat web (URL) yang memuat informasi berkaitan dengan kata kunci
(keyword) yang Anda cari. Bisa Anda bayangkan, berapa juta orang yang mengakses Google
setiap harinya, dan berapa juta keyword yang harus dilayani selama 24 jam non stop. Setiap
user pada umumnya bertujuan mencari informasi yang mereka butuhkan secepat mungkin. Jika
Anda saat ini telah memiliki website, atau baru saja menyelesaikan sebuah website tentunya
ingin agar informasi yang Anda sediakan di web mudah dicari orang. Sehingga yang perlu Anda
ketahui sekarang adalah bagaimana mengoptimalkan website Anda agar dapat terlisting dengan
baik pada search engine.
Cara Kerja Search Engine
Sebelum mendaftarkan website ke search engine, ada baiknya kalau Anda mengetahui sekilas
tentang cara kerjanya. Search engine merupakan sebuah sistem database yang dirancang untuk
meng-index alamat-alamat internet (URL, FTP, dll). Untuk melaksanakan tugasnya ini, search
engine memiliki program khusus yang biasanya disebut spider, bot, atau crawler. Pada saat
Anda mendaftarkan sebuah alamat web (URL), spider dari search engine akan menerima dan
menganalisa URL tersebut. Dengan algoritma tertentu, spider akan memutuskan apakah web
yang anda daftarkan layak diterima atau tidak. Jika layak, spider akan menambahkan URL
tersebut ke sistem database mereka. Namun jika tidak, terpaksa Anda harus bersabar dan
mengulangi pendaftaran dalam periode tertentu. Kecepatan crawler setiap search engine
berbeda-beda. Jadi jika Anda mendaftarkan URL sekarang, kemungkinan baru bisa dilisting
dalam 2 minggu hingga 2 bulan. Ini disebabkan karena ada ribuan URL baru yang mendaftar
setiap harinya. Google.com dan AllTheWeb.com adalah dua search engine yang memiliki
kapasitas crawler terbesar saat ini.
Melakukan Pendaftaran (submission)
Bagaimana melakukan pendaftaran ? Gampang, Anda tinggal mengisi form pendaftaran URL
yang disediakan masing-masing search engine. Misalnya untuk Google, form pendaftarannya
ada di http://www.google.com/addurl.html. Setelah itu tunggu beberapa minggu dan lakukan
pengecekan apakah website Anda sudah terlisting atau tidak. Caranya, masuk ke situs search
engine yang bersangkutan kemudian ketikkan domain Anda sebagai kata kunci, misalnya
ilmukomputer.com. Jika URL Anda muncul pada hasil pencarian (search result), berarti website
Anda sudah terdaftar. Bagaimana jika tidak muncul ? Ada dua kemungkinan penyebab. Pertama,
karena crawler search engine memang belum sempat berkunjung dan membaca isi (content) dari
web Anda. Kedua, crawler sudah berkunjung namun tidak dapat membaca content karena
sesuatu hal, misalnya pada saat web server Anda down atau kelebihan traffic. Pada kasus kedua,
search engine biasanya akan berusaha membaca ulang URL tersebut dalam jangka waktu
tertentu, namun cara terbaik adalah melakukan pendaftaran ulang apabila website Anda sudah
benar-benar siap.
Sekarang kita asumsikan pendaftaran website Anda sudah berhasil, apakah itu sudah cukup ?
Tentu saja tidak, Anda perlu melakukan pengujian berikutnya. Coba ketikkan keyword atau
frase umum yang berhubungan dengan isi website. Misalnya jika website Anda menawarkan
produk furniture khas Indonesia, cobalah cari dengan kata kunci "furniture indonesia" misalnya.
Jika website Anda muncul di halaman pertama atau kedua, itu sudah bagus. Namun jika website
Anda muncul di halaman-halaman belakang, janganlah berharap traffic terlalu banyak. Sangat
kecil kemungkinan visitor akan dapat menemukan URL Anda. Mau tidak mau, website Anda
harus berjuang memperebutkan posisi 20 besar dari ratusan bahkan jutaan website pesaing.
Search engine adalah salah satu fasilitas vital dari internet untuk menjelajahi lautan informasi
yang begitu luas. Bayangkan saja, hanya dalam waktu beberapa detik ia dapat menyuguhkan
ribuan bahkan jutaan alamat web (URL) yang memuat informasi berkaitan dengan kata kunci
(keyword) yang Anda cari. Bisa Anda bayangkan, berapa juta orang yang mengakses Google
setiap harinya, dan berapa juta keyword yang harus dilayani selama 24 jam non stop. Setiap
user pada umumnya bertujuan mencari informasi yang mereka butuhkan secepat mungkin. Jika
Anda saat ini telah memiliki website, atau baru saja menyelesaikan sebuah website tentunya
ingin agar informasi yang Anda sediakan di web mudah dicari orang. Sehingga yang perlu Anda
ketahui sekarang adalah bagaimana mengoptimalkan website Anda agar dapat terlisting dengan
baik pada search engine.
Cara Kerja Search Engine
Sebelum mendaftarkan website ke search engine, ada baiknya kalau Anda mengetahui sekilas
tentang cara kerjanya. Search engine merupakan sebuah sistem database yang dirancang untuk
meng-index alamat-alamat internet (URL, FTP, dll). Untuk melaksanakan tugasnya ini, search
engine memiliki program khusus yang biasanya disebut spider, bot, atau crawler. Pada saat
Anda mendaftarkan sebuah alamat web (URL), spider dari search engine akan menerima dan
menganalisa URL tersebut. Dengan algoritma tertentu, spider akan memutuskan apakah web
yang anda daftarkan layak diterima atau tidak. Jika layak, spider akan menambahkan URL
tersebut ke sistem database mereka. Namun jika tidak, terpaksa Anda harus bersabar dan
mengulangi pendaftaran dalam periode tertentu. Kecepatan crawler setiap search engine
berbeda-beda. Jadi jika Anda mendaftarkan URL sekarang, kemungkinan baru bisa dilisting
dalam 2 minggu hingga 2 bulan. Ini disebabkan karena ada ribuan URL baru yang mendaftar
setiap harinya. Google.com dan AllTheWeb.com adalah dua search engine yang memiliki
kapasitas crawler terbesar saat ini.
Melakukan Pendaftaran (submission)
Bagaimana melakukan pendaftaran ? Gampang, Anda tinggal mengisi form pendaftaran URL
yang disediakan masing-masing search engine. Misalnya untuk Google, form pendaftarannya
ada di http://www.google.com/addurl.html. Setelah itu tunggu beberapa minggu dan lakukan
pengecekan apakah website Anda sudah terlisting atau tidak. Caranya, masuk ke situs search
engine yang bersangkutan kemudian ketikkan domain Anda sebagai kata kunci, misalnya
ilmukomputer.com. Jika URL Anda muncul pada hasil pencarian (search result), berarti website
Anda sudah terdaftar. Bagaimana jika tidak muncul ? Ada dua kemungkinan penyebab. Pertama,
karena crawler search engine memang belum sempat berkunjung dan membaca isi (content) dari
web Anda. Kedua, crawler sudah berkunjung namun tidak dapat membaca content karena
sesuatu hal, misalnya pada saat web server Anda down atau kelebihan traffic. Pada kasus kedua,
search engine biasanya akan berusaha membaca ulang URL tersebut dalam jangka waktu
tertentu, namun cara terbaik adalah melakukan pendaftaran ulang apabila website Anda sudah
benar-benar siap.
Sekarang kita asumsikan pendaftaran website Anda sudah berhasil, apakah itu sudah cukup ?
Tentu saja tidak, Anda perlu melakukan pengujian berikutnya. Coba ketikkan keyword atau
frase umum yang berhubungan dengan isi website. Misalnya jika website Anda menawarkan
produk furniture khas Indonesia, cobalah cari dengan kata kunci "furniture indonesia" misalnya.
Jika website Anda muncul di halaman pertama atau kedua, itu sudah bagus. Namun jika website
Anda muncul di halaman-halaman belakang, janganlah berharap traffic terlalu banyak. Sangat
kecil kemungkinan visitor akan dapat menemukan URL Anda. Mau tidak mau, website Anda
harus berjuang memperebutkan posisi 20 besar dari ratusan bahkan jutaan website pesaing.
SEO
SEO
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
SEO (Search Engine Optimization) atau optimisasi mesin pencari adalah serangkaian proses yang dilakukan secara sistematis yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan volume dan kualitas trafik dari mesin pencari menuju alamat situs web tertentu dengan memanfaatkan mekanisme kerja alami algoritma mesin pencari tersebut. Tujuan spesifik SEO adalah menempatkan suatu alamat situs web pada posisi teratas (atau setidaknya pada halaman pertama) hasil pencarian berdasarkan subyek tertentu. Secara logis, alamat situs yang menempati posisi teratas hasil pencarian memiliki peluang lebih besar untuk mendapatkan pengunjung.
Sejalan dengan makin berkembangnya pemanfaatan web sebagai media bisnis, kebutuhan atas layanan SEO juga semakin meningkat. Berada pada posisi teratas hasil pencarian akan meningkatkan peluang sebuah perusahaan B2C atau pemasaran online untuk mendapatkan pelanggan baru. Peluang ini dimanfaatkan sejumlah pihak untuk menawarkan layanan optimisasi mesin pencari bagi perusahaan-perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang perdagangan elektronik (ecommerce).
Sejarah
Menurut Danny Sullivan, istilah “search engine optimization” pertama kali digunakan pada 26 Juli tahun 1997 oleh sebuah pesan spam yang diposting di Usenet. Pada periode tersebut algoritma mesin pencari belum terlalu kompleks sehingga mudah dimanipulasi.
Versi awal algoritma pencarian didasarkan sepenuhnya pada informasi yang disediakan oleh webmaster melalui meta tag pada kode html situs web mereka. Meta tag menyediakan informasi tentang konten yang terkandung pada suatu halaman web dengan serangkaian katakunci (keyword). Sebagian webmaster melakukan manipulasi dengan cara menuliskan katakunci yang tidak sesuai dengan konten situs yang sesungguhnya, sehingga mesin pencari salah menempatkan dan memeringkat situs tersebut. Hal ini menyebabkan hasil pencarian menjadi tidak akurat dan menimbulkan kerugian baik bagi mesin pencari maupun bagi pengguna internet yang mengharapkan informasi yang relevan dan berkualitas.
Larry Page dan Sergey Brin, dua mahasiswa doktoral ilmu komputer Universitas Stanford, berusaha mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dengan membangun Backrub, sebuah mesin pencari yang sepenuhnya mengandalkan algoritma matematis untuk memeringkat halaman web. Algoritma tersebut, yang dinamakan PageRank, merupakan nilai fungsi matematis yang kompleks dari kombinasi antara perhitungan jumlah link yang mengarah pada suatu halaman web dengan analisis atas bobot masing-masing link tersebut, dengan skala antara 1–10. Berdasarkan prinsip kerja PageRank, secara umum bisa dikatakan bahwa halaman web yang memperoleh peringkat tinggi adalah halaman web yang banyak di-link oleh halaman web lain. Nilai PageRank juga akan semakin tinggi apabila halaman web yang mengarah kepadanya juga memiliki peringkat yang tinggi. Jadi nilai sebuah link dari situs seperti Yahoo! bernilai lebih besar daripada kombinasi nilai link dari seratus situs web yang tak dikenal.
Backrub hanyalah sebuah embrio. Pada tahun 1998 Page dan Brin mendirikan Google yang merupakan versi "dewasa" dari Backrub. Dalam waktu singkat Google memperoleh reputasi dan kepercayaan dari publik pengguna internet karena berhasil menyajikan hasil pencarian yang relatif bersih (tidak dimanipulasi), cepat, dan relevan. PageRank lantas menjadi sistem standar baik bagi mesin pencari lain maupun bagi webmaster yang berusaha agar situs webnya memperoleh nilai PageRank setinggi mungkin sehingga menempati posisi tertinggi pada hasil pencarian.
Webmaster dan mesin pencari
Sejak tahun 1997 perusahaan mesin pencari menyadari bahwa beberapa webmaster melakukan segala hal untuk dapat terindeks pada urutan teratas hasil pencarian, termasuk dengan cara-cara yang manipulatif dan ilegal. Infoseek, salah satu mesin pencari generasi pertama, melakukan perbaikan pada algortima mereka untuk mencegah manipulasi dengan meta tag tidak relevan.
Bagaimanapun, dalam beberapa hal mesin pencari juga menyadari nilai ekonomi yang besar dari peringkat hasil pencarian, dan mereka terkadang memiliki kepentingan terselubung dari aktivitas perusahaan layanan SEO. Beberapa perusahaan mesin pencari mengirim perwakilan atau menjadi tamu pada event-event rutin yang diselenggarakan komunitas SEO.
Mesin pencari besar seperti Google dan Yahoo! menyediakan program dan panduan yang memungkinkan webmaster mengoptimalkan situsnya agar terindeks dengan baik. Google menyediakan program Webmaster Tool dan memperkenalkan sistem sitemap berbasis XML standar mereka, sedangkan Yahoo! menyediakan program Site Explorer yang memungkinkan webmaster mendaftarkan URL situs, mengecek jumlah halaman web mereka yang telah terindeks di Yahoo!, dan melihat informasi link. Namun demikian mesin pencari tetap tidak mentolerir beberapa metode SEO yang eksesif dan menghalalkan segala cara.
Etika dan legalitas
Sistem PageRank, walau menerapkan algoritma matematis yang kompleks, belakangan juga tidak lagi sepenuhnya aman menghadapi trik dan manipulasi. Sejumlah webmaster dan praktisi SEO telah mengembangkan beberapa metode yang memanfaatkan cara kerja PageRank agar halaman web klien mereka berada pada peringkat pertama hasil pencarian. Google secara resmi telah melarang penggunaan beberapa teknik ilegal seperti link farming, doorway pages, keyword stuffing, dan auto generated pages atau scraper pages. Situs atau layanan SEO yang tetap menggunakanannya terancam akan masuk daftar hitam dan dihapus dari indeks pencarian.
Diposkan oleh andrianblogger
di 23:12
0 komentar
Bisnis Pulsa Elektronik AllOperator77
1 Chip All Operator GSM & CDMA
•Pendaftaran gratis
•Harga murah
•Tanpa limit transaksi
•Tanpa target bulanan
•Tanpa iuran bulanan
•Tanpa kewajiban & syarat
•Transaksi 24 jam non stop
•Satu deposit untuk banyak HP
•Deposit minimal Rp 10.000,-
•Daftar sekali seumur hidup
Pendaftaran ketik :
Daftar.No HP.Nama.Kota
Contoh :
Daftar.081556632975.Adi Cell.Malang
Kirim ke 085878421025
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
SEO (Search Engine Optimization) atau optimisasi mesin pencari adalah serangkaian proses yang dilakukan secara sistematis yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan volume dan kualitas trafik dari mesin pencari menuju alamat situs web tertentu dengan memanfaatkan mekanisme kerja alami algoritma mesin pencari tersebut. Tujuan spesifik SEO adalah menempatkan suatu alamat situs web pada posisi teratas (atau setidaknya pada halaman pertama) hasil pencarian berdasarkan subyek tertentu. Secara logis, alamat situs yang menempati posisi teratas hasil pencarian memiliki peluang lebih besar untuk mendapatkan pengunjung.
Sejalan dengan makin berkembangnya pemanfaatan web sebagai media bisnis, kebutuhan atas layanan SEO juga semakin meningkat. Berada pada posisi teratas hasil pencarian akan meningkatkan peluang sebuah perusahaan B2C atau pemasaran online untuk mendapatkan pelanggan baru. Peluang ini dimanfaatkan sejumlah pihak untuk menawarkan layanan optimisasi mesin pencari bagi perusahaan-perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang perdagangan elektronik (ecommerce).
Sejarah
Menurut Danny Sullivan, istilah “search engine optimization” pertama kali digunakan pada 26 Juli tahun 1997 oleh sebuah pesan spam yang diposting di Usenet. Pada periode tersebut algoritma mesin pencari belum terlalu kompleks sehingga mudah dimanipulasi.
Versi awal algoritma pencarian didasarkan sepenuhnya pada informasi yang disediakan oleh webmaster melalui meta tag pada kode html situs web mereka. Meta tag menyediakan informasi tentang konten yang terkandung pada suatu halaman web dengan serangkaian katakunci (keyword). Sebagian webmaster melakukan manipulasi dengan cara menuliskan katakunci yang tidak sesuai dengan konten situs yang sesungguhnya, sehingga mesin pencari salah menempatkan dan memeringkat situs tersebut. Hal ini menyebabkan hasil pencarian menjadi tidak akurat dan menimbulkan kerugian baik bagi mesin pencari maupun bagi pengguna internet yang mengharapkan informasi yang relevan dan berkualitas.
Larry Page dan Sergey Brin, dua mahasiswa doktoral ilmu komputer Universitas Stanford, berusaha mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dengan membangun Backrub, sebuah mesin pencari yang sepenuhnya mengandalkan algoritma matematis untuk memeringkat halaman web. Algoritma tersebut, yang dinamakan PageRank, merupakan nilai fungsi matematis yang kompleks dari kombinasi antara perhitungan jumlah link yang mengarah pada suatu halaman web dengan analisis atas bobot masing-masing link tersebut, dengan skala antara 1–10. Berdasarkan prinsip kerja PageRank, secara umum bisa dikatakan bahwa halaman web yang memperoleh peringkat tinggi adalah halaman web yang banyak di-link oleh halaman web lain. Nilai PageRank juga akan semakin tinggi apabila halaman web yang mengarah kepadanya juga memiliki peringkat yang tinggi. Jadi nilai sebuah link dari situs seperti Yahoo! bernilai lebih besar daripada kombinasi nilai link dari seratus situs web yang tak dikenal.
Backrub hanyalah sebuah embrio. Pada tahun 1998 Page dan Brin mendirikan Google yang merupakan versi "dewasa" dari Backrub. Dalam waktu singkat Google memperoleh reputasi dan kepercayaan dari publik pengguna internet karena berhasil menyajikan hasil pencarian yang relatif bersih (tidak dimanipulasi), cepat, dan relevan. PageRank lantas menjadi sistem standar baik bagi mesin pencari lain maupun bagi webmaster yang berusaha agar situs webnya memperoleh nilai PageRank setinggi mungkin sehingga menempati posisi tertinggi pada hasil pencarian.
Webmaster dan mesin pencari
Sejak tahun 1997 perusahaan mesin pencari menyadari bahwa beberapa webmaster melakukan segala hal untuk dapat terindeks pada urutan teratas hasil pencarian, termasuk dengan cara-cara yang manipulatif dan ilegal. Infoseek, salah satu mesin pencari generasi pertama, melakukan perbaikan pada algortima mereka untuk mencegah manipulasi dengan meta tag tidak relevan.
Bagaimanapun, dalam beberapa hal mesin pencari juga menyadari nilai ekonomi yang besar dari peringkat hasil pencarian, dan mereka terkadang memiliki kepentingan terselubung dari aktivitas perusahaan layanan SEO. Beberapa perusahaan mesin pencari mengirim perwakilan atau menjadi tamu pada event-event rutin yang diselenggarakan komunitas SEO.
Mesin pencari besar seperti Google dan Yahoo! menyediakan program dan panduan yang memungkinkan webmaster mengoptimalkan situsnya agar terindeks dengan baik. Google menyediakan program Webmaster Tool dan memperkenalkan sistem sitemap berbasis XML standar mereka, sedangkan Yahoo! menyediakan program Site Explorer yang memungkinkan webmaster mendaftarkan URL situs, mengecek jumlah halaman web mereka yang telah terindeks di Yahoo!, dan melihat informasi link. Namun demikian mesin pencari tetap tidak mentolerir beberapa metode SEO yang eksesif dan menghalalkan segala cara.
Etika dan legalitas
Sistem PageRank, walau menerapkan algoritma matematis yang kompleks, belakangan juga tidak lagi sepenuhnya aman menghadapi trik dan manipulasi. Sejumlah webmaster dan praktisi SEO telah mengembangkan beberapa metode yang memanfaatkan cara kerja PageRank agar halaman web klien mereka berada pada peringkat pertama hasil pencarian. Google secara resmi telah melarang penggunaan beberapa teknik ilegal seperti link farming, doorway pages, keyword stuffing, dan auto generated pages atau scraper pages. Situs atau layanan SEO yang tetap menggunakanannya terancam akan masuk daftar hitam dan dihapus dari indeks pencarian.
Diposkan oleh andrianblogger
di 23:12
0 komentar
Bisnis Pulsa Elektronik AllOperator77
1 Chip All Operator GSM & CDMA
•Pendaftaran gratis
•Harga murah
•Tanpa limit transaksi
•Tanpa target bulanan
•Tanpa iuran bulanan
•Tanpa kewajiban & syarat
•Transaksi 24 jam non stop
•Satu deposit untuk banyak HP
•Deposit minimal Rp 10.000,-
•Daftar sekali seumur hidup
Pendaftaran ketik :
Daftar.No HP.Nama.Kota
Contoh :
Daftar.081556632975.Adi Cell.Malang
Kirim ke 085878421025
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tugu-MONAS.com dirancang sebagai Sarana Pintar untuk Anda membangun ASET yang akan merubah ANDA menjadi seorang yang memiliki kebebasan finansial selamanya…
ANDA akan memiliki ASET yang memberikan penghasilan secara terus menerus tanpa henti yang membanjiri rekening Bank Anda selama 24 jam secara otomatis. Semua proses terus berlangsung bahkan disaat Anda sedang berlibur atau tidur sekalipun…
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•Harga murah
•Tanpa limit transaksi
•Tanpa target bulanan
•Tanpa iuran bulanan
•Tanpa kewajiban & syarat
•Transaksi 24 jam non stop
•Satu deposit untuk banyak HP
•Deposit minimal Rp 10.000,-
•Daftar sekali seumur hidup
Pendaftaran ketik :
Daftar.No HP.Nama.Kota
Contoh :
Daftar.081556632975.Adi Cell.Malang
Kirim ke 085878421025
•Pendaftaran gratis
•Harga murah
•Tanpa limit transaksi
•Tanpa target bulanan
•Tanpa iuran bulanan
•Tanpa kewajiban & syarat
•Transaksi 24 jam non stop
•Satu deposit untuk banyak HP
•Deposit minimal Rp 10.000,-
•Daftar sekali seumur hidup
Pendaftaran ketik :
Daftar.No HP.Nama.Kota
Contoh :
Daftar.081556632975.Adi Cell.Malang
Kirim ke 085878421025
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